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Game piece is a concept of experimental music having its roots with composers Iannis Xenakis, Christian Wolff and John Zorn. Game pieces may be considered controlled improvisation.〔Brackett, John. (''John Zorn: Tradition and Transgression'' ), p.xi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-253-22025-7.〕 An essential characteristic is that there is no pre-arranged sequence of events. They unfold freely according to certain rules, like in a sports game. Therefore, game pieces have elements of improvisation. A number of methods can be used to determine the direction and evolution of the music, including hand gestures and shuffled cards, as in his file-card compositions. Zorn's game piece "Cobra", which has been recorded several times for various labels, uses a combination of cards and gestures and can be performed by an ensemble of any size and composition. Zorn's game pieces, written in the late 1970s and mid-1980s, include ''Cobra'', ''Hockey'', ''Lacrosse'', and ''Xu Feng''.〔 His file-card compositions include ''Spillane'' and ''Godard''.〔 As well as a sports game, a game piece may also be considered analogous to language: The performance is directed by a well defined set of rules (a grammar) but by no means fixed or predetermined (just as all sentences generated by the same grammar are not the same). The length of a piece may be arbitrary, just as a sentence can be of any imaginable length while still conforming to a strictly defined syntax. In ''Formalized Music'' (1992), Iannis Xenakis mentions two pieces in his oeuvre that utilize game theory: ''Duel'' (1959) and ''Stratégie'' (1962). This first of these, ''Duel,'' involves an orchestra that is broken into two groups, each with a separate conductor. Each conductor chooses from a palette of six modules, and points are assigned to each conductor based on the combinations of modules that occurred. ''Stratégie'' expands this process to a larger orchestra, and it simplifies the rules to make performance easier. ==References== * Bailey, Derek: ''Improvisation. Its nature and practise in music'', 1992, pp. 75–78. * Beresford, Steve: "John Zorn interviewed", in: ''Resonance''. Published by London Musician's Collective vol.2, nr. 2, summer, 1994. * Cox, Christoph and Warner, Daniel: "The Game Pieces", in: ''Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music'', New York (Continuum), 2004, pp. 196–200. * Harley, James. ''Xenakis: His Life in Music.'' New York: Routledge, 2011. * Huesmann, Günther: "John Zorn. Über die Verfügbarkeit der Töne" i Ohnesorg, Faanz Xaver: Die Befreiung der Musik. Eine Einführung in die Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts. Köln (Gustav Lübbe Verlag), 1994. * Lange, Art: Article in booklet of Zorn (1991;I1), * Lange, Art: "Der Architekt der Spiele. Gespräch mit John Zorn über seine musikalischen Regelsysteme", Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 2, 1991. * Mandel, Howard: "Howard Mandel interview John Zorn", ''EAR Magazine'' Vol. II no. 2, oct., 1986. LOGOS. * Mandel, Howard: "Ich habe viele kleine Tricks". John Zorn interview. MusikTexte 23, Febr., 1988. * Mandel, Howard: "Guerilla Strategist: John Zorn interviewed by Howard Mandel", Resonance vol. 6 nr. 1, 1997. * McGuire, John: "Spiele um des Spiels willen. Der New Yorker Komponist und Musiker John Zorn. MusikTexte 23, February 1988. * Rovere, Walter; Chiti, Carlo in collaboration with Achilli, Alessandro; chadbourne, Eugene; Coralli, Michele; Romero, Enrico: Itinerari oltre il suono. John Zorn. In Italian and English, Milano/Valdarno (Materiali Sonori Edizioni Musicali snc) 1998. * Solothurnmann, Jürg: "Trickfilmmusik" (1986), Landolt, Patrik; Wyss Ruedi (ed.): Die lachenden Aussenseiter. Musikerinnen und Musiker zwischen Jazz, Rock und neuer Musik. Die 80er und 90er Jahre. Ein Buch der Wochenzeitung (WOZ) im Rotpunktverlag. Zürich (Rotpunktverlag), 1993. * Tetsu, Shiba: ''Two Game Pieces'' (English and Japanese versions). http://www20.brinkster.com/improarchive/sht.htm * Watrous, Peter: sleeve notes for ''John Zorn: Cobra''. 2 LP-sæt, hatART 2034, 1986. * Whitehead, Kevin, "A Field Guide To Cobra," ''Pulse!'', November 1994. * Xenakis, Iannis. ''Formalized Music.'' Stuyvesant, NY: Pendragon Press, 1992. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Game piece (music)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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